solar photovoltaic systems
Last updated on: 27 August 2024

What are Solar Photovoltaic Systems?

We are all aware of solar panels’ numerous advantages and their significant environmental impact. Yet, it is essential to understand what they are made of and how they operate. Familiarising oneself with the Solar PV system can help one gain this knowledge and inspire and motivate towards a greener, more sustainable future.

What is a Solar PV System?

A Solar PV system is a renewable and green energy source comprising PV cells combined with solar panels and other components. It harnesses the sun’s energy and provides electricity for residential and commercial use.

These PV cells are constructed using delicate semiconductor materials thinner than human hair. Due to their small size, they have a relatively low power production capacity, typically generating only 1 or 2 watts. They are connected in a large chain of panels and modules to overcome this limitation.

In this article, I will explore the workings of the photovoltaic system, its components, and the differences between residential and commercial PV systems.

How Does a PV System Work?

Explanation of PV system work

The photovoltaic system comprises panels of photovoltaic cells that capture energy packets (photons) from sunlight and convert them into electric current. This process is known as the photovoltaic effect.

Photovoltaic cells are made of semiconductors, which allow them to absorb sunlight and facilitate the free flow of electrons. These electrons carry a negative charge and flow across the cells towards the front of the surface, creating an imbalance in order between the front and back of the cell.

This imbalance leads to the generation of electricity by the photovoltaic cells. The solar system produces direct current (DC). To utilise this electricity, it needs to be converted into alternating current (AC) through an inverter, as the electrical utility grid operates on AC. The alternate current is then stored in the inverter, enabling it to power your home’s electrical appliances. Any excess electricity can be returned to the power grid through net metering.

Major Components of a PV System

After learning about the operation of a PV system, it is now essential to know about the components involved. The following are the components:

1. Array of Solar Panels

Array of Solar Panels

A Solar photovoltaic system consists of multiple electrically interconnected panels. This array efficiently converts sunlight into DC (direct current) and then transforms it into AC (alternate current) with the help of an inverter, which powers our homes with electricity.

2. Racks

House racks

Racks, composed of steel or aluminium, securely mount solar panels to the ground or rooftops. It is of utmost importance to ensure the installation of high-quality racks capable of withstanding adverse weather conditions.

3. Solar Charge Controller

Solar Panel Charger Controller

Solar charge controllers are power-regulating devices that regulate the current-voltage going into the batteries and ensure they aren’t overcharged. Charge controllers’ primary job is to manage the power coming from the solar panels; however, they also have additional capabilities like lightning and load control.

Generally, most “12-volt” panels use about 16 to 20 volts, and the batteries need about 14 to 14.5 volts to charge fully. Solar charge controllers come in handy here, ensuring the batteries are not overcharged or damaged.

4. Solar Inverter

Solar inverter

One of the crucial components of your solar photovoltaic system is the inverter. As mentioned above, electricity produced from solar photovoltaic systems is direct current (DC). But to power your homes with electricity, you must convert direct current into alternate current, as your utility power grid operates on alternate current. For that, you will need a solar inverter.

5. Solar Battery Bank

Solar battery bank

An optional but helpful component of a solar PV system, a solar battery bank ensures that unused energy produced by your solar system isn’t wasted. It stores the energy that is not used and keeps it so that you can use it in harsh weather conditions where there isn’t enough sunlight to provide your home with electricity.

6. System Metering

A person is using system metering

Various tools are available to help solar users monitor their systems effectively. The battery metre is crucial for measuring energy flow in and out of the battery bank for stand-alone or off-grid PV systems. It tracks battery charging and discharging, ensuring proper system functioning and alerting users to incomplete charging, battery deterioration, or potential shutdowns.

Also, web-based tools and applications allow convenient system monitoring through cell phones or tablets, even remotely. Moreover, the utility metre, connected to the PV system, accurately measures electricity consumption, regardless of the system type.

By utilising these tools, solar users can manage their systems effectively, optimising performance, identifying issues promptly, and making informed decisions to maximise the benefits of their solar PV systems.

7. Electric Grid

Power grid

It is essential to stay connected to the electric grid while installing the solar system, as in certain conditions when the solar system might not be able to serve your energy needs, you can get supplied with electricity and power from the electric grid.

Difference Between Residential and Commercial PV Systems

Understanding the differences between residential and commercial PV systems is key to choosing the right system for your needs. Let’s explore these differences to help you make an informed decision.

Firstly, residential PV systems are typically installed on the rooftops of single-family homes or multi-unit dwellings, showcasing their adaptability to various settings. In contrast, commercial PV systems are installed on more prominent buildings such as offices, factories, or warehouses. This adaptability should instil confidence in the potential installation of solar PV systems.

The size and capacity of the system also vary significantly between the two due to energy requirements. Commercial solar systems comprise 96 solar cells measuring 78 inches by 39 inches, whereas residential solar systems have 72 solar cells measuring 65 inches by 39 inches. Residential solar systems with fewer solar panels produce less electricity and consume less space. However, they still lead to huge savings as they help fulfil a household’s energy needs.

Additionally, it’s important to note that the financial incentives and regulations surrounding these systems vary depending on whether they are intended for residential or commercial use. Understanding these benefits can provide reassurance about the long-term cost-effectiveness of investing in solar PV systems.

Moreover, the cost will vary greatly. More solar panels will be required for commercial use than for residential use.

Despite their shared goal of generating renewable energy from sunlight, residential and commercial PV systems differ significantly due to variations in scale, design principles, and regulatory frameworks.

What’s Next?

Suppose you are considering a solar PV system. In that case, it is essential to understand how it works, the components you need to consider before installation, and the various purposes it can serve. Whether you are planning to buy and set up a solar PV system for your business or home, it is a decision that offers long-term advantages. However, it is crucial to carefully analyse the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy and different types of solar panels to ensure they align with your specific needs.

If you require assistance or want to inquire about solar panels, please contact 24|7 Stay Warm at 0333 2422 524. Our dedicated representatives are available to guide you through the process.

The information provided in this article has been collected from various sources. However, we suggest you consult local authorities, experienced installers, and legal professionals in your specific area before making any decisions, as every individual’s home situation is unique.

Posted by: Martin Astley 12 July 2024